Solar Power Technology

The combustible part of natural gas (NG) consists mainly of methane (CH4) with some admixture of heavier hydrocarbons (ethane, propane, and butane). However, frequently noncombustible gases are found mixed with NG, namely, N2 and CO2. For example, the recently discovered gas fields off the coast of the Indonesian archipelago contain up to 70% by volume CO2. On the average, NG contains 74.4% by weight of carbon, 24.8% hydrogen, 0.6% nitrogen, and 0.2% oxygen.
On the average, the heating value of NG is 23,500 Btu/lb (55 MJ/kg), or 1032 Btu per cubic foot (38.5 MJ/m3).

Natural gas is a very desirable fuel for several reasons. First, it is easy to combust because, being a gas, it readily mixes with air. Thus, the combustion is rapidly completed, and the boiler or furnace volume is smaller than that required for oil or coal combustion. Second, the combusted gas can directly drive a gas turbine with applications in power generation. Third, gas combustion does not produce particulate and sulfurous pollutants. Fourth, NG produces one-half the amount of CO2 per unit heating value as does coal, and it produces three-quarters as much as oil.
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The terms petroleum and mineral oil, or oil for short, are synonymous. The crude oil that is found in various parts of the world differs in quality and composition, depending on the biological origin and geological history. It is found in geological reservoirs under the ground or under the seabed at depths up to several thousand meters.

A recent survey of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) estimated the world’s oil reserves as 1.6 E(12) barrels. The distribution of the oil reserves among the major oil reservoirs of the world is as follows (in percent): Middle East (42), North America, including US, Canada and Mexico (15), Russia, including Siberia (14), North andWest Africa (7.2), South and Central America (6.1), Asia and Pacific (5.5), Caspian Basin (3.5), Western Europe, including the North Sea (3.1), and others (3.6).
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Coal is found practically on every continent and subcontinent. It is found buried deeply in the ground or under the seabed, or close to the surface. Coal characteristics vary widely according to its biological origin (forests, low growing vegetation, swamps, animals) and geological history (age, overburden, temperature, pressure). Thus, the chemical and physical characteristics of coal are also highly variable, such as the content of moisture, minerals (ash), sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen; heat value; hardness; porosity.

The variability from coal to coal is clearly evident. For example, the carbon content varies from 62.9% for North Dakota lignite (a relatively young coal) to 93.9% for Pennsylvania anthracite (a relatively old coal). The sulfur content varies from 0.7% to 3.4% by weight, and the higher heating value (HHV) varies from 7070 Btu/lb (16,430 kJ/kg) for North Dakota lignite to 13,620 Btu/lb (31,650 kJ/kg) for Pittsburgh seam bituminous.
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Energy sources that have big contribution on technology and many other sector that brought our day more easy, are comes primary energy and other secondary energy sources.

The primary energy sources supplying the world’s energy consumption in 1997 were petroleum (39%), coal (25%), natural gas (21.5%), nuclear-electric (6.3%), hydroelectric (7.5%), and geothermal and other renewables (0.7%). The projection for
the next two decades is that nuclear’s share will decline and the share of renewables will increase, presumably with increase of the use of solar, wind, and biomass energy. The consumption of all fossil fuels will also increase in the next decades, with the rise of natural gas use exceeding that of coal by the year 2020.
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As we have describe it in previous articles, the rapid increase of technology, and transportation sector have consumed more natural earth energy. Those energy not entirely got no side effect, green house effect, air pollution, etc. are some examples of the side effect. Most of those pollution are coming from industry sector.

To address the problem of a deteriorating environment, industrialized nations have undertaken to regulate the emission of pollutants into the natural environment, whether it be air, water, or land. The concept that underlies government control is that the concentration of pollutants in the environment must be kept below a level that will assure no harmful effects in humans or ecological systems. This can be achieved by limiting the mass rate of pollutant emissions from a particular source so that, when mixed with surrounding clean air or water, the concentration is sufficiently low to meet the criterion of harmlessness.
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